Non Destructive Testing & Related Services
We offer a wide array of Non Destructive Testing Services for metal structures like Ultrasonic Testing Services, Radiography Testing Services, Magnetic Particle Testing Services, Dye Penetrant Testing Services, Stress Relieving, Leak Testing Services, Vacuum Testing Services, Metallography Services and so on.Non Destructive Testing (NDT), Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) and Non
Destructive Inspection (NDI) are the terms used to represent the techniques
that are based on the application of physical principles employed for the
purpose of determining the characteristics of materials or components or
systems and for detecting and assessing the inhomogeneities and harmful
defects without impairing the usefulness of such materials or components of
systems.
NDT plays an important role not only in quality control of the finished product
but also during various stages of manufacturing. NDT is also used for condition
monitoring of various items during operation to predict and access the
remaining life of the component while retaining its structural integrity. NDT
enables optimum utilization of components without sacrificing safety. The use
of microprocessors for data acquisition and processing and automated devices
for reliable testing have vastly improved the condition monitoring on complex
components and plants. The operator dependency for routine inspection is
reduced and thus the person can concentrate more on the technological
aspects. The end result is the saving in time, cost and improvement in precision
and reliability of the results obtained.
NDT methods range from the simple to the intricate. Visual inspection is the
simplest of all. Surface imperfections invisible to the eye may be revealed by
Penetrant and magnetic methods. If serious surface defects are found, there is
often little point in proceeding further to the more complicated examination of
the interior by other methods like ultrasonics or radiography. The principal
NDT methods are Visual or Optical Inspection, Liquid Penetrant Testing,
Magnetic Particle Testing, Radiography Testing, Ultrasonic Testing, Eddy
Current Testing, Helium Leak Detection, etc.
Borescope Inspection Non Destructive Testing
Approx. Rs 25,000 / DayGet Latest Price
Service Details:| Certification Scheme | Employer Based Certification |
| Testing Type | Tensile/Hardness Testing |
| Testing Methodology | Magnetic Particle Testing |
| Service Type | New Construction and Inspection |
| Application | Mechanical Engineering |
| Value Data Report on | Material Properties |
Our 18-meter length IPLEX FX borescope from Olympus is one of the most advance borescope available in the market today. We can perform flaw sizing, take an image, record video, etc.
Borescopes help us inspect those areas which are otherwise inaccessible and are quite handy in assessing the internal conditions of such areas.
Positive Material Identification (PMI) Of Ferrous And Non Ferrous Metals
Approx. Rs 10,000 / DayGet Latest Price
Service Details:| Minimum Order Quantity | 1 Day |
| No Of Unit To Be Tested | 200 |
| Material Type | SS,Copper,Nickle,Steel |
| Industry Type | Refineries, Production, Chemical Plant |
| Location/City | Pan India |
| Sample Test Location | Customer Place |
| Mode Of Report | Soft Copy |
| Usage/Application | Material Sorting |
| Product Type | Alloy |
| Test Location | Customer Place |
| Application Type | Material Sorting |
| Service Duration | As desired by Customer |
| Testing Type | Non Destructive Testing Services |
| Destination | All India |
| Type Of Service Provider | Inspection and Testing Engineers |
| Need Test Result | <2 Hours |
| Calibration Check Required | Yes |
| Need Standard Certification | Yes |
Positive Material Identification (PMI) is one of the more specialised non destructive testing methods. With positive material identification the alloy composition of materials can be determined. If a material certificate is missing or it is not clear what the composition of a material is, then PMI offers the solution. Because specifications for materials used in industry are increasingly more specific, the need for PMI testing has been on an increase for the past several years. Periodic plant maintenance shutdowns are less frequent and consequently the materials used in the plant are in use longer. A wider variety of alloys that are indistinguishable to the eye are being used in process plants. When facility and inspection staff replace components, they must be able to guarantee that the new part matches required specifications. Recent industrial accidents have cost the lives of workers and heightened the awareness of the need for accurate and comprehensive PMI inspections. The XRF principle (x ray fluorescence) is one of the methods for PMI. Equipment used contains low radioactive sources (isotopes) or x-ray tubes. The exposed material reflects the radiation, generating energy. As every element has it's own atomic structure, this reflection will generate a different energy level for every element. This energy is measured and detected, thus identifying the alloy elements. The other method for PMI is Spark emission spectrography. Spectography is based on optical emission. The equipment consists of a probe which releases a spark that is used to vapourise the material being analysed. The atoms and ions in this vapour produce a spectrum which can be optically measured and then recalculated to determine the components of the material. Material properties like structure difference and heat treatments have no influence on the results of the PMI measurements. However, it is important that the surface is identical to rest of the material. Oxides, coatings and dirt on the material will influence the identification results. Also the surface must be smooth. Elements that can be identified using PMI include: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Se, Nb, Mo. Interesting to know is that the exposure of radiation is sufficiently low, so that extra safety measures are not required. When dealing with exploitation licenses and preventive maintenance of technical installations, Non Destructive Testing and Examination (NDT / NDE) are indispensable techniques. NDT / NDE offer also the necessary guarantees when quality, expense saving, business security and safety is in order, for both existing and new installations. NDT / NDE decrease the risk of leakage or other defects, which increase the business integrity and safety within the installation and can save expenses.
Today, many major oil companies require that every pipe, flange, connector, valve and welding seam in critical parts of the plant be measured to verify that materials match engineering specifications. In addition to compatibility issues, several other reasons can exist for material specification including design, corrosion resistance, and compliance to codes and standards such as ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It also finds applications in the following areas :-
Aerospace Manufacturing • Aerospace Castings • Aerospace Fastener QA / QC • Failure Analysis
Electric Power Industry • Plant Inspection • Failure Analysis PMI • Incoming Materials • In Stock Materials • In service Testing
ITE offers these services to customers at various places across India which include, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh (Ghaziabad, Sahibabad, Greater Noida, Noida, Lucknow, Agra, Kanpur, Mathura, Jewar, Sikandrabad, Meerut, Sonbhadra, Pata, Anpara, Allahabad, etc.), Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Jammu Kashmir, West Bengal, etc.
Additional Information:
Radiography Testing Services (RT)
Approx. Rs 3,000 / DayGet Latest Price
Service Details:| Minimum Order Quantity | 1 Day |
| Testing Type | Radiography Testing |
| Service Type | Quality Control |
| Test Location | Pan India |
| Usage/Application | Mechanical Engineering |
| Process Type | Welding |
| Certification Scheme | Employer Based Certification |
| Testing Methodology | Radiographic Testing |
| Value Data Report On | Internal Defects |
| Sector Type | Power Generation, Steel Structural Fabrication, Oil and Gas, Fertilizers, Chemical Plant, Power Plan |
| Testing Result Duration | Less Than 1 Hour |
Radiographic Testing (RT), or industrial radiography, is a nondestructive testing (NDT) method of inspecting materials for hidden flaws by using the ability of short wavelength electromagnetic radiation (high energy photons) to penetrate various materials.
Either an X-ray machine or a radioactive source (Ir-192 or Co-60) can be used as a source of photons.
Since the amount of radiation emerging from the opposite side of the material can be detected and measured, variations in this amount (or intensity) of radiation are used to determine the availability of flaws or discontinuities in the material. Penetrating radiations are those restricted to that part of the electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength less than about 10 nanometres.
The purpose of Radiography Testing is to show the presence and nature of defects or other structural discontinuities in the interior of the materials under examination. Radiography makes the use of the ability of short wavelength electromagnetic radiations, such as X-ray or Gamma ray, to penetrate objects. In general, the shorter the wavelength, greater the penetrating power. The radiation that enters through the material, some being absorbed in the material itself and amount of absorption is a function of the density, thickness and atomic number of the material. Should there be any cavity or discontinuity in the interior of the material, the beam of radiation will have less material to pass through than in solid material. Consequently there will be a variation in the absorption of the rays by the material in the defective area. The variation, if measured or recorded on a film sensitive to X-ray or Gamma ray, produces an image that will indicate the presence of the defect. The image is an X-ray or Gamma ray shadow of the interior of the material. Thus, radiography is essentially based on the principle of shadow projection and such a shadow picture is called a Radiograph. Variations in the darkness may be interpreted to provide information concerning the internal structure of the material. The basic setup essentially consists of a source of radiation, the object to be radiographed and a detector which is normally a sheet of photographic film.
Advantages 1. Best NDT method for detection of volumetric discontinuities.
2. Internal flaws could be precisely located.
3. Records/Radiographs could be stored forever.
ITE offers these Non Destructive Testing services (NDT) at various places across India which include, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh (Ghaziabad, Sahibabad, Greater Noida, Noida, Lucknow, Agra, Kanpur, Mathura, Jewar, Sikandrabad, Meerut, Sonbhadra, Pata, Anpara, Allahabad, moradabad, gajraula, hapur, etc.), Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (pantnagar, haridwar, nainital, kashipur), Bihar, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Jammu Kashmir, West Bengal, Nepal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, etc.
Additional Information:
Magnetic Particle Testing
Approx. Rs 3,000 / DayGet Latest Price
Service Details:| Minimum Order Quantity | 1 Day |
| Magnetization Material | Iron |
| Testing Current Type | AC |
| Demagnetization Process | AC Demagnetization |
| Testing Type | Fatigue Crack |
| Service Mode | Offline |
| Product Type | Motor Shaft |
We provide magnetic particle testing services using magnetic yoke, coil, prod, etc. which are usied in both visible and fluorescent mode.
ITE offers these Non Destructive Testing services (NDT) at various places across India which include, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh (Ghaziabad, Sahibabad, Greater Noida, Noida, Lucknow, Agra, Kanpur, Mathura, Jewar, Sikandrabad, Meerut, Sonbhadra, Pata, Anpara, Allahabad, etc.), Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Jammu Kashmir, West Bengal, Nepal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, etc.
Locations serviced include :- Shrinagar, Jammu, Kargil, Shimla, Kullu, Manali, Ludhiana, Bathinda, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Ropar, Talwandi, Jhajjar, Hissar, Gurgaon, Manesar, Panipat, Sonipat, Faridabad, Palwal, Ballabhgarh, Bahadurgarh, Delhi, Jaipur, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Alwar, Chittorgarh, Kota, Noida, Ghaziabad, Greater Noida, Aligarh, Kanpur, Allahabad, Agra, Gorakhpur, Meerut, Mathura, Varanasi, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Jhansi, Gwalior, Bina, Bhopal,Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Goa, etc.
Additional Information:
Positive Material Identification
Approx. Rs 7,500 / dayGet Latest Price
Service Details:| Minimum Order Quantity | 1 day |
| Product Type | Metal |
| Sample Test Location | Customer Place |
| Resistance Check | Corrosion Resistance |
| Product Certification | For Recycling Process |
| Industry Type | Refineries |
| Application Type | Hazardous Material Inspection |
At ITE, we use best in class equipment for carrying out Positive Material Identification popularly known as PMI testing at customers facility or our lab. Recently Bruker's S1 Titan has been purchased by us which gives us edge over the competition due to its portability and ease with which the reports are generated. It has got pen drive access due to which reports can be handed over to the customer just after inspection. This saves a huge amount of time for us and for the customer by avoiding delays in sending the report from the base office.
Positive Material Identification (PMI) testing is used for doing a chemical analysis and grade confirmation of ferrous and non-ferrous items on site or in the lab. The equipment is a handheld XRF based device which uses X-Ray Fluorescence to determine the elemental composition of the material under consideration.
The main applications are:-
- Material sorting
- Grade confirmation
- Scrap inspection
- Pre-dispatch inspection
- Determination of contents of hazardous elements like lead, tin, arsenic, etc.
Additional Information:
Borescopic Services
Service Details:
| Testing Type | Tensile/Hardness Testing |
| Service Type | Quality Control |
| Application | Aeronautical Engineering |
| Certification Scheme | Personal Central Certification |
| Testing Methodology | Ultrasonic Testing |
| Value Data Report on | Material Properties |
| Sector Type | Gas |
Backed by a team of professionals, we are offering a broad assortment of Borescopic services for our customers. These scopic services are rendered using the latest technology with the following industry standards. Together with this, offered services are executed under the direction of quality inspectors.
Leak Test Services
Service Details:
| Product Type | Condenser |
| Testing Type | Pressure Testing |
| Application Type | Power Plant |
| Methodology | Bombing Method |
| Mode | Offline |
| Service Type | Leak Testing |
We are one of the leading names in offering Non-Destructive & Non-Invasive Leak Test Services Techniques for pipes & pipe line systems. We to conduct leak test with the usage of Infrared Radiometric method.
This infrared testing is highly accurate and efficient in locating:
- Pipeline leaks
- Voids caused by erosion
- Deteriorated pipeline insulation
- Poor backfill
Due to leakage, the fluid forms a plume near the pipeline which, is reflected in different surface temperature patterns above the leak location, because the fluid has a thermal conductance different from the dry soil or backfill. Our high resolution infrared radiometer scans the entire area and displays pictures with areas of different temperatures by shades/ tones of color. Thus, detects the leakage.
Magnetic Particle Testing Services (MPT)
Service Details:
| Minimum Order Quantity | 1 Day |
| Service Type | Quality Control |
| Test Location | Pan India |
| Testing Methodology | Magnetic Particle Testing |
| Material Type | Steel |
| Application Type | Mechanical Engineering |
| Testing Type | Internal Flaw Detection |
| Value Data Report On | Defects |
| Sampling Area | Mobile |
| Usage/Application | Production and Manufacturing |
| Product Type | Magnetic Particle |
Magnetic Particle Testing is used to detect surface and subsurface flaws on ferromagnetic Materials primarily steel components and other alloys. The defects or flaws that can be detected are Cracks, Porosities, Blow holes, cavities, laps, undercuts, lack of fusion, lack of penetration, etc.
It is based on the principle of Magnetic Flux Leakage. Personnel or operator performing the MPT are ASNT SNT TC 1A certified Level II.
ITE offers these Non Destructive Testing services (NDT) at various places across India which include, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh (Ghaziabad, Sahibabad, Greater Noida, Noida, Lucknow, Agra, Kanpur, Mathura, Jewar, Sikandrabad, Meerut, Sonbhadra, Pata, Anpara, Allahabad, moradabad, gajraula, hapur, etc.), Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (pantnagar, haridwar, nainital, kashipur), Bihar, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra (Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur), Jammu Kashmir, West Bengal, Nepal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, etc.
Additional Information:
Magnetic Particles Testing Services
Service Details:
| Sampling Area | In-House |
| Certification Scheme | Employer Based Certification |
| Testing Type | Air Leakage Testing |
| Product Type | Concrete Mix Design |
| Sampling Procedure | Off-Site Testing |
| Value Data Report on | Material Properties |
| Preferred Analysis Technique | Petrographic |
| Testing Parameter | Aluminia/Silica/Iron Percentage |
| Material Type | Soil/Sand |
We are among the leading companies who offer the Magnetic Particles Testing Services. We provide these services with the usage Magnetic Field to examine parts and products for imperfections. We use the modern equipment & accurate result assessment which leads to the identification of all possible imperfections.
Our Magnetic Testing Services include:
- Bend Test
- Tensile Test
- Impact Test
- Hardness Test
- Mechanical Testing for Welding and Welder Qualification
- Chemical Testing of Ferrous base metals
- Spectro Analysis
Additional Information:
Penetrant Testing Services
Service Details:
| Testimonials Format | Hardcopy |
| Crack Testing Type | Corrosion Crack |
| Service Mode | Offline |
| Sample Test Location | Mobile Testing |
| Place of Service | Factories |
| Time Duration | 2 to 3 Hours |
| Soil Testing Type | Resistance Properties |
| Service Type | Dye Penetration |
We are among the leading names engaged in the Penetrant Testing Services. We provide this service which is also known as liquid penetration test. It is among the mist oldest and widely applicable NDT methods. This test is best suited for any kind of non-porous material and is best for detection of surface breaking. It is often used for stainless steel and stainless welded items. We offer the service at the market leading prices.
The objects are coated with visible or fluorescent dye solution and a developer is applied. The developer acts as blotter and draws trapped penetrant out of imperfections open to the surface.
Coil Magnetic Particle Testing
Service Details:
| Application | Petrochemical Industry |
| Testing Type | Creep Crack |
| Magnetization Material | Iron |
| Demagnetization Process | AC Demagnetization |
| Testing Current Type | AC |
| Product Type | Motor Shaft |
Leveraging our high industry proficiency, we are able to provide the Coil Magnetic Particle Testing service. By using the latest technology, our professionals work hard to produce testing results. In addition to this, offered testing services are famous due to their perfect execution and client-focused approach.
Fluorescent MPI Service
Service Details:
| Location | India |
| Application / Industry | Industrial |
| Testing Frequency | Monthly |
| Testing Type | MPI |
| Service Mode | Offline |
| Carrier Medium | Water Based |
Our organization is engaged in offering a wide assortment of Fluorescent MPI Service to our clients. These services are rendered by professionals. In addition to this, these MPI services are offered at reasonable and affordable rates.
In-Situ Metallography
Service Details:
| Application Type | Electrical and Electronics |
| Material Type | Automotive Components |
| Service Type | Surface and Internal Flaws |
| Value Data Report on | Material Properties |
| Analysis Type | Case Depth |
| Additional Service | Failure Analysis |
| Application | Aerospace |
| Testing Type | Tensile Load Testing |
| Testing Properties | Vickers Micro Hardness |
| Testing Location | By Samples in Lab |
We are engaged in offering In-Situ Metallography at the clients’ satisfaction level to inspect the changes in the metallurgical structure due to aging inhospitable environment. This will give proper health assessment of equipments & pipe line or which may predict the residual life of the equipments & pipe line. We offer this service to our clients’ at the most reasonable rates offered in the market. We are for this service is widely appreciated by our clients in the national and in international market.
Magnetic Particle Testing Services
Service Details:
| Magnetization Material | Iron |
| Testing Current Type | AC |
| Demagnetization Process | Full Wave DC Demagnetization |
| Material Type | Automotive Components |
| Service Mode | Offline |
| Sampling Area | Mobile |
| Application / Industry | Industrial |
We are among the leading names involved in the service providing industry. We are engaged in offering Magnetic Particle Testing services. We offer this testing to detect imperfections on or just below the surface of ferrous metals. The service provided by us is extremely useful and fast method for detection of surface and sub surface crack of any Ferro magnetic materials. We under this service first clean and then magnetized with the help of permanent magnet or electromagnetic yoke. We cross check for any suspected surface areas of equipment/vessels or welds of pipe lines and further rectifies the defects.
Radiography Testing
Service Details:
| Application | Manufacturer |
| Application / Industry | Industrial |
| Service Mode | Offline |
| Testing Type | Broken Wires / Connections |
| Testing Result Duration | 2 to 6 Hours |
| Test Location | Laboratory |
| Process Type | Engineering |
| Testimonials Format | Hardcopy |
| Test Type | Continuous Test |
We are providing services for Radiography Testing of welds and metal castings. We have highly qualified team to look after the Radiography Gamma Ray testing. Our Engineers are certified by BARC, AERB, ASNT and other agencies for carrying our the radiography job.
Radiography Testing Services
Service Details:
| Process Type | Casting |
| Test Type | Continuous Test |
| Testimonials Format | Hardcopy |
| Testing Result Duration | Less Than 1 Hour |
| Testing Type | Broken Wires / Connections |
| Mode | Offline |
We are among the leading companies who offer the Radiography Testing Services. We provide these services with the usage of penetrating gamma / X-radiation and radioactive isotope for radiation to examine parts and products for imperfections. We use the modern equipment & accurate result assessment which leads to identification of all possible imperfections.
The services which we offer to our valuable clients are as follows:
- Material properties - determination of composition, density, uniformity, and cell or particle size
- Manufacturing and assembly properties - dimensions, flaws, bond integrity, accuracy of assembly
- Using gamma radiography for (10 mm- 60mm) Section Steel
- Using X-ray radiography less than 10mm section of steel
Ultrasonic Testing Services
Service Details:
| Testing Type | Hardness Testing |
| Components of Testing | Pressure Vessels |
| Place of Testing | Laboratory |
| Type of Material | Destructive |
| Application | Aerospace |
| Mode | Offline |
We are among the leading companies who offer the Ultrasonic Testing Services. We provide these services with the usage of ultrasonic waves to examine parts and products for imperfections. We use the modern equipment & accurate result assessment which leads to identification of all possible imperfections.
Ultrasonic Testing Services include:
- Preparation of Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)
- Preparation of Procedure Qualification Record (PQR)
- Preparation of Welder Qualification Record (WQR)
- Witnessing of Welder and Welding Qualification
- Welding Inspection
Additional Information:
Ultrasonic Weld Inspection
Service Details:
| Type of Material | Destructive |
| Place of Inspection | Laboratory |
| Inspection Type | Magnetic Particle Inspection |
| Components of Inspection | Pressure Vessels |
| Testing Type | Pressure Testing, Hardness Testing, Tensile Testing |
| Application | Petro-Chemical |
We to detect subsurface flaws in the material where beams of high-frequency sound waves are introduced into material. We with the usage of different types of Ultrasonic Weld Inspection among which pulse echo is the most commonly used technique. Ultrasonic weld inspection /UT flaw detection by computer-aided documentation and data recording machine of Krautkramer make.
We use Ultrasonic Weld Inspection to inspect the following:
- Ultrasonic weld inspection
- UT flaw detection by computer-aided documentation
- Data recording machine
- Comprehensive UT thickness survey
Welding Consultancy
Service Details:
| Frequency of Requirement | Monthly |
| Finished Product Delivery Type | Home Delivery |
| Automation Grade | Automatic |
| Service Mode | Offline |
| Service Location | India |
| Service Type | Consultation |
Supported by our talented professionals, we are offering an exceptional assortment of Welding Consultancy service. These services are rendered under the guidance of industry experts and as per the client’s needs. More to this, these are offered at very effective prices within a limited period of time.
Dye Penetrant Testing
Service Details:
| Place of Service | Factories |
| Time Duration | 2 to 3 Hours |
| Technology | Pentration |
| Metal Type | Ferrous Metal |
| Mode | Offline |
| Service Type | Testing |
We are engaged in offering an optimum quality array of Dye Penetrant Testing service for our esteemed customers. Offered array of testing services is rendered as per quality norms defined by the same industry. In addition to this, these testing services are admired for their timely execution.
Dye Penetrant Testing Services
Service Details:
| Crack Testing Type | Corrosion Crack |
| Service Type | Dye Penetration |
| Testimonials Format | Hardcopy |
| Application | Construction |
| Place of Service | Service Centre |
| Time Duration | 2 to 3 Hours |
We are among the leading companies who offer the Dye Penetrant Testing Services. We provide these services with the usage of penetrating gamma / X-radiation and radioactive isotope for radiation to examine parts and products for imperfections. We use the modern equipment & accurate result assessment which leads to identification of all possible imperfections.
Our Dye Penetrant Testing Services include:
- Preparation of Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)
- Preparation of Procedure Qualification Record (PQR)
- Preparation of Welder Qualification Record (WQR)
- Witnessing of Welder and Welding Qualification
- Welding Inspection
Additional Information:
Fluorescent Testing Service
Service Details:
| Service Mode | Offline |
| Application / Industry | Industrial |
| Location | India |
| Mode of Report | Soft Copy |
We are highly acknowledged organization engaged in presenting a remarkable range of Fluorescent Testing Service.
Insitu Hardness Measurement
The term hardness, as it is used in industry, may be defined as the ability of a material to resist permanent indentation or deformation when in contact with an indenter under load. Generally a hardness test consists of pressing an indenter of known geometry and mechanical properties into the test material. The hardness of the material is quantified using one of a variety of scales that directly or indirectly indicate the contact pressure involved in deforming the test surface. Since the indenter is pressed into the material during testing, hardness is also viewed as the ability of a material to resist compressive loads. The indenter may be spherical (Brinell test), pyramidal (Vickers and Knoop tests), or conical (Rockwell test). In the Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop tests, hardness value is the load supported by unit area of the indentation, expressed in kilograms per square millimeter (kgf/mm2). In the Rockwell tests, the depth of indentation at a prescribed load is determined and converted to a hardness number (without measurement units), which is inversely related to the depth.Hardness testing is perhaps the simplest and the least expensive method of mechanically characterizing a material since it does not require an elaborate specimen preparation, involves rather inexpensive testing equipment, and is relatively quick. The theoretical and empirical investigations have resulted in fairly accurate quantitative relationships between hardness and other mechanical properties of materials such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and strain hardening coefficient and fatigue strength and creep. These relationships help measure these properties with an accuracy sufficient for quality control during the intermediate and final stages of manufacturing. Many times hardness testing is the only nondestructive testalternative available to qualify and release finished components for end application.Hardness Testing is often used to verify the effectiveness of the heat treatment applied to actual castings. Its general correlation with the tensile strength of many ferrous alloys allows a rough prediction of tensile strength to be made
Liquid Penetrate Testing
Penetrant inspection depends mainly on the ability of the liquid to wet the surface of a solid work piece or specimen and flow over that surface to form a continuous and reasonably uniform coating, thus penetrating into cavaties that are open to the surface. The ability of a given liquid to flow over a surface and enter surface cavities mainly depands on the surface tension and capillary action. The cohesive force between the molecules of a liquid causes surface tension.Capillary action is a phenomenon of rise or depression of liquid in narrow cavities. Viscosity, another factor, although has negligible effect on penetrating ability of liquid, affects the flowing ability of Penetrant. Very viscous liquids are unsuitable as penetrants because they don’t flowrapidly enough over the surface bof the test piece; consequently they require excessively long periods of time to penetrate into fine flaws.Visible light and ultraviolet light is required for the inspection of Penetrant indications. Initially, the only detection method used was the unaided observation by the eye of the inspector under visible light. The quality of the human eye strongly affects the perception of brightness of an indication. The nature of light strongly affects the percepted brightness of the coloured region being observed. Thus it is important to have proper lighting at the inspection area.Flourescence describes the release of light energy by some substances when they are excited by external radiation such us ultraviolet light. In penetration inspection, when the particles in fluid are struck by the incident ultraviolet light, they are excited to a higher energy level. After being excited, each particle then, returns to the original unexcited level with the emission of the light having wavelength longer than the original source. Thus the emitted light is in the visible spectrum. Because, the UV light is not normally seen by the human eye, it is also called black light. The advantage of this in penetrant inspection is that, the region holding greater amounts of the fluorescent penetrant appear vary bright. When the inspection is performed in very subdued light, the region clear of Penetrant material will appear black. Due to this effect, the visibility of small indication is greatly enhanced.MAGNETIC PARTICLE
ULTRASONIC TESTING
In ultrasonic testing (UT), very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionally up to 50 MHz are launched into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion. Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is a form of non-destructive testing used in many industries including aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
In pulse-echo mode, the transducer performs both the sending and the receiving of the pulsed waves as the "sound" is reflected back to the device. Reflected ultrasound comes from an interface, such as the back wall of the object or from an imperfection within the object. The diagnostic machine displays these results in the form of a signal with an amplitude representing the intensity of the reflection and the distance, representing the arrival time of the reflection.
Advantages
1. High penetrating power, which allows the detection of flaws deep in the part.
2. High sensitivity, permitting the detection of extremely small flaws.
3. Greater accuracy than other nondestructive methods in determining the depth of internal flaws and the thickness of parts with parallel surfaces.
4. Some capability of estimating the size, orientation, shape and nature of defects.
5. Non hazardous to operations or to nearby personnel and has no effect on equipment and materials in the vicinity.
6. Capable of portable or highly automated operation.
7. It is sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities.
8. Only single-sided access is needed when the pulse-echo technique is used.
9. Minimal part preparation is required.
10. Electronic equipment provides instantaneous results.
11. Detailed images can be produced with automated systems.
12. It has other uses, such as thickness measurement, in addition to flaw detection
Visual Testing
Visual inspection is the most widely used among all Non Destructive Tests. It is simple, easy to apply, quickly carried out, and usually low in cost. Even though a component is to be inspected using other NDT methods, a good visual inspection should be carried out first. A simple visual test can reveal gross surface defects thus leading to an immediate rejection of the component and consequently saving much time and money, which would otherwise be spent on more complicated means of testing. It is often necessary to examine for the presence of finer defects. For this purpose, visual methods have been developed to a very high degree of precision. With the advent of microprocessor and computers, visual examination can be carried out very reliably and with minimum cost. Image processing patterns recognition and automatic accept/reject choices are used when large numbers of components are to be assessed.The basic procedure used in visual NDT involves illumination of the test specimen with light, usually in visible region. The specimen is then examined with eye or by light sensitive devices such as photocells. The equipment required for visual inspection is extremely simple, but adequate illumination is absolutely essential. The surface of the specimen should be adequately cleaned before being inspected.
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Arun Pawar (Quality Head)
Greater Noida - 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
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